Acid Base Indicator

Sila ingat perubahan warna bagi sifat keasidan dan kealkalian.. 

Best regards,

GAUT / GOUT

Penyakit Gout merupakan satu bentuk arthritis yang disebabkan oleh hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia ditakrifkan sebagai aras plasma urate (asid urik) melebihi 420 μmol/L (7.0 mg/dL); hyperuricemia adalah ciri-ciri utama gout dan pasti ada bagi penyakit gout walaupun aras asid urik yang tinggi tidak semestinya bererti seseorang itu akan mengidap penyakit gaut.

GOUT memang sudah sebati dikaitkan sebagai penyakit lelaki dan ia jarang sekali berlaku kepada wanita. Jika ada pun, kemungkinan berlaku hanyalah selepas wanita mengalami menopaus.

Apabila gout menyerang, kaki akan menjadi bengkak, panas dan amat sakit hingga ada sesetengah pesakit tidak boleh berjalan. Malah, kesakitan ini boleh berlanjutan beberapa hari dan hanya hilang dengan pengambilan ubat.

Gout mula dikenal pasti lebih 2,000 tahun dulu dan dikatakan antara penyakit tertua. Dulunya ia dipanggil penyakit orang kaya lantaran ia dikaitkan dengan pengambilan makanan dan minuman yang terlalu banyak khasiat.

Ia adalah sebahagian daripada penyakit artritis yang dikelaskan sebagai penyakit metabolik akibat asid urik (iaitu bahan buangan yang terhasil daripada pemecahan purin (protein); berkumpul pada sendi dan tisu lembut di sekeliling sendi, terutama pada kaki dan menyebabkan rasa sakit.

Pemendapan asid urik ini lama kelamaan akan menghasilkan hablur garam dan hablur inilah yang mencetuskan rasa sakit sendi. Ia juga dipanggil masalah bengkak sendi yang daripada tapak ibu jari kaki, menular ke sendi lain pada kaki dan tangan.

Menurut Perunding Pembedahan Ortopedik dan Trauma, Dr Robert Penafort, punca sebenar masalah metabolik masih belum diketahui bagaimanapun individu yang menghidap kencing manis, obesiti dan sakit buah pinggang juga berisiko mendapat gout.

Aras asid urik yang tinggi dikaitkan dengan usia, obesiti, type IV hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease dan hypertension. Kadang kala, seseorang itu mewarisi kecacatan genetik dari keluarga mereka...

 Best regards,

Common Mistakes for SPM Chemistry Paper 2 Section C

Students need to answer any one question from this section C (experimental essay). The SPM questions in Paper 2 Section C (Question 9 & 10) consist of 20 marks in total. The Johor state SPM 2010 trial paper 2 (Section C – Question number 9 and 10) is used in the following discussion.
1) Is it a compulsory to draw experimental diagram?
No. It is not compulsory to draw experimental diagram unless it is stated in the question.
i.e. “By using a suitable diagram, explain a laboratory experiment to determine …”
I would recommend that even the question not stated this statement, it is better for the students to draw the diagram because it will help you in remembering the important apparatus and material which is being used in the experiment. Besides that, you need to label (apparatus and material) the experimental diagram.

How to answer paper 3 question

a) Statement of the problem: It always must be a question and ended with question mark. Read the question well and you will find it in the hint in the question. Start your statement of the problem with ‘How does manipulated variable affect responding variable?’ or ‘Does increasing/decreasing manipulated variable increase/decrease the responding variable?’

b) Aim of experiment: It always must be a statement and ended with full stop. Start your aim of experiment with ‘To compare … / To investigate … / To study …

c) All the variables: List out all the variables and separate each variable in the following sequence.

• Manipulated variable: (axis-x values)
• Responding variable: (axis-y values)
• Constant variable:

d) Statement of the hypothesis: It always must be a statement and ended with full stop. ‘The manipulated variable, the higher/lower/increase/decrease responding variable’

Important note: Must follow the sequence (always start with manipulated variable and follow by responding variable).

e) List of substances and apparatus: Always separate substance and apparatus even though this is in one section. Must list everything completely to get 3 marks!

Substances: (the same meaning with materials in PEKA experiments)

Important note: Solution: try to give the concentration of the solution (always in the range of 0.1 – 1.0 mol dm^-3) and concentrated solution (>1.0 mol dm^-3)

Example:

• 0.1 mol dm^-3 of hydrochloric acid
• 0.5 mol dm^-3 of nitric acid
• 1.0 mol dm^-3 copper(II) suphate solution
• 0.5 mol dm^-3 NaOH, zinc powder …

Apparatus: try to list as complete as possible (everything that can be reused in the experiment)

Example:

• Stop watch
• measuring cylinder
• beaker
• retort stand
• conical flask
• filter funnel
• trough
• forceps
• tongs …

f) Procedure of the experiment: This is the hardest part to get full marks (3 marks). You need to write the procedure as complete as possible which means all steps are to be written in detail. Berry Teacher would recommend the sentence should be written in passive form sentence (same in PEKA) and it can be present or past tense (no penalty). And try to uniform it. From the previous SPM Paper 3 record, there is no penalty if you write in active form sentence but not in PEKA report!

g) Tabulation of data: This is the easiest part to get one mark, as long as you draw a table (empty table / box), you will be given at least one mark. Remember to write unit in the manipulated variable column and responding variable column!

Best regards,

WATER FORMATION

Best regards,

TAMBAHAN POSTTT

JUST LIKE SOLAR SYSTEM

MODERN ATOMIC MODEL
By James Chadwick

SUBATOMIC :

PROTON (+)
NEUTRON (no charge)
Both located in nucleus

ELECTRON (-)
Round nucleus at certain orbit

RELATIVE MASS OF :

PROTON - 1
NEUTRON -1
ELECTRON -1/1840
almost 0

COPPER (II) SULPHATE SOLUTION

This is COPPER (II) SULPHATE SOLUTION.

It"s BLUE SOLUTION. Please.........remind my colour...

I'm use as ELECTROLYTE in electrolysis process.

I can mantain my colour or bleach to colourless

Indicator

Indicator: Litmus
Acid solution: RED
Neutral solution: PURPLE
Alkali solution: BLUE

***
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
Acid solution: Colourless
Neutral solution: Colourless
Alkali solution: PINK

***
....Read more..... Best regards,

Indicator: Methyl Orange
Acid solution: PINK
Neutral solution: ORANGE
Alkali solution: YELLOW

***
Indicator: Bromothymol Blue
Acid solution: YELLOW
Neutral solution: GREEN
Alkali solution: BLUE

***
Indicator: Cresol Puple
Acid solution: YELLOW
Neutral solution: GREEN
Alkali solution: PURPLE

Atom, Compound & Mixture

PeKA Kimia 2009

Hasil Mesyuarat PEKA KPK & KPN_Melaka 2009 ..... Best regards,